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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD take medication to treat the condition. It can help improve symptoms, but it could also cause negative effects. If you experience side effects, talk to your GP about them. Stimulants are among the most popular kind of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe for ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters, that regulate the behavior and attention. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in adults and children is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by increasing activity in the parts of the brain that assist control attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions like narcolepsy. It may help people with Narcolepsy to stay awake throughout the day and improve their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as prescribed can reduce the potential for abuse and other side effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms for some people. It can also increase the severity of behavior and tics in some people with Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. People suffering from these conditions should tell their doctor prior to starting this medication. It's important to tell your doctor if you suffer from any other health concerns or are sensitive to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow color present in processed foods and some medications; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain drugs, including opioid medicines, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox), methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil) and rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and the long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine, which is risky if you have a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that works within the brain to improve mood and decrease symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a kind of depression that manifests during the winter months of autumn and winter. It is also used to aid people in quitting smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been proven to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in a variety of studies. The fixed effect RR pooled for improvements in week 6 (using a clinically significant change of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this is 52 percent of the bupropion group and 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion may have serious and life-threatening interactions when used in conjunction together with other drugs. These include sedatives and antidepressants as well as some blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizures for those with a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is also not recommended for people suffering from certain medical conditions. It is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Bupropion can be found in the brand-name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, or TCAs are a type of drugs that function by affecting brain chemical. They were one of the earliest antidepressants created, and even though they are no longer the first-line treatment for depression, they are still effective in some people with other conditions. They inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline by increasing their levels in neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other diseases, such as pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are a prescription drug that can be used alone or in combination with stimulants, and may have a positive effect on symptoms of ADHD. They can help improve the core ADHD symptoms and reduce anxiety, depression and the tendency to be impulsive. They may also help manage tics. These are uncontrollable, repetitive movements or sounds such as blinking or clearing the throat. TCAs can trigger adverse reactions, including dry mouth and sedation and may increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. These drugs can interfere with other medications like anticholinergics and should not be taken by pregnant women. These medications are also known to cause teratogenic effects on animals, and they may cross the placenta. If you are concerned discuss it with your doctor because there are newer antidepressants with a safer adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). The SSRIs are a type of antidepressants that block serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of available serotonin to signal. They also help reduce anxiety and impulsive behavior. They are often used as adhd medications because they reduce symptoms in some individuals and are effective in conjunction with other medications. Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a very low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This leads to varying blood levels. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as generalized anxiety disorder, and bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline may help to reduce PTSD primary symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can cause an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these drugs it is crucial to speak with your doctor. It is typical for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medications before they find the one that is most effective for them. Medications are constantly being developed and studied. It is important to tell your doctor about all medications you use. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant drugs don't work for adults with ADHD doctors recommend a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibit (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however they are more secure and have fewer adverse effects. They are used to treat many ailments, including anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia or nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression, too. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). They work by preventing the reabsorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine, which is a natural process that occurs in the brain following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal release of phasic. The increased levels of norepinephrine can improve attention and mood. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD, but some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are most often taken orally as pills, however, they can also be taken in the form of patches or liquids. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It doesn't have the potential to be abused so it isn't classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but also help control symptoms of ADHD. SNRI medications such as venlafaxine or duloxetine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and could interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is important to consult with a physician prior to taking these medications. Additionally, improperly disposed medication can cause harm to both humans and animals. It is therefore essential to follow the proper disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs are not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD However, doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs may not be suitable for everyone. For instance, women who are pregnant or nursing should not take SNRIs, because they can pass into breast milk. They should not be used by people who suffer from high blood pressure, liver issues or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people who suffer from ADHD discover that medication can help improve their focus and attention. They may also experience reduced behavior that is impulsive. The treatment is usually paired with behavior therapy and training, which aid people to learn to control their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each individual requires time. In this period, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between benefits and side effects. The stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, increase the activity of specific brain chemicals that control memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for most people, however, they may have serious side consequences, such as decreased appetite and trouble sleeping. These effects usually disappear after several weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medicines are also available for children as well as adults. They might take longer to take effect however they can help improve concentration and impulse control. add adhd medication can include alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine viloxazine, atomoxetine) and Guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also treat ADHD. They can boost the neurotransmitter norepinephrine level in the brain, and aid in impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion, a depressant, has been prescribed to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers created extended-release versions, and the FDA approved its use as treatment.